References and other documents related to safety

Guidelines and exposure limits

1. EU Physical Agent Directive: Common Position Document Dec 2003; Accepted ammendments
2. ICNIRP
   • Guidelines on limits of exposure to static magnetic fields. 2009
   • Guidelines on limits of exposure to static magnetic fields, International Commission on Non-ionizing Radiation Protection. Health Physics, 66, 1, 100-106, 1994. Page 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
   • Guidelines on limiting exposure to time varying electric, magentic and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz). International Commission on Non-ionizing Radiation Protection. Health Physics, 74, 4, 494-522, 1998.
   • Medical Magnetic Resonance Procedures: Protection of Patients, Health Physics, Health Physics, 87, 2, 197, 2004.
   • Medical MR Procedures: Protection of Patients, Volunteers and Staff, 2003.
   • Protection of a patient undergoing MRI, 1991.
3. WHO
• Document on static fields (March 2006)
4. HPA (Fpr NRPB documents see http://www.hpa.org.uk/radiation/publications/documents_of_nrpb/index.htm)
• National Radiological Protection Board statement on Clinical Magnetic Resonance Diagnostic Procedures, 2, 1, 1991 (Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0RQ)
• National Radiological Protection Board statement on Restriction of Human Exposure to Static and Time Varying Electromagnetic Fields and Radiation, 4, 5, 1993 (Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0RQ)
• Review of Scientific Evidence for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic fields (0-300 GHz). Documents of the NRPB, 15, 3 ,2004, (Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0RQ).
• Advice on Limiting exposure to Electromagnetic fields (0-300 GHz). Documents of the NRPB, 15, 2, 2004, (Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0RQ).
• HPA (2008).  Static Magnetic Fields. Report of an independent Advisory Group on Non-ionising Radiation. Doc HPA , RCE-6.
• HPA (2008) Protection of Patients and Volunteers Undergoing MRI Procedures (RCE-7)
5. Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Authority (Previously MDA) (UK)
   • Safety guidelines for magnetic resonace equiptment in clinical use 2007
6. IEC EN 60601-2-33: MEDICAL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT - (BSI) Particular requirements for the safety of magnetic resonance equipment for medical diagnosis. (It does not contain any occupational limits).
7. American College of Radiology
   • White Paper on MR Safety, Kanal et al, AJR, 176, 1335-1347, 2002.
   • Revisions and updates: AJR 182 (5): 1111-1114, 2004
   • ACR Guidance Documents for Safe MR Practice. Kanal et al, AJR 188, 1-27, 2007
8. ASTM document on MR compatible MR compliant devices
9. Critera for Siginifcant Risk Investigations of Magnetic Resonance Devices, Guidance for Industry and FDA staff. 2003.
10. FDA
    • A Primer on Medical Device Interactions with Magnetic Resonance Imaging Systems, FDA, 1997
    • Guidelines for Magnetic Resonance Equipment in Clinical Use. Medical Devices Agency, UK, December 2002.
11. US Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
12. American Conference on Industrial Hygieniests (ACGIH)). Documentation of the threshold limit values for physical agents. 7th Ed.
13. US Joint Commission on health care accreditation: http://www.jointcommission.org/SentinelEvents/SentinelEventAlert/sea_38.htm
14. Dutch Guide for Staff http://docs.minszw.nl/pdf/92/2008/92_2008_1_22102.pdf

Literature

This is not meant to be a comprehensive list of safety references, it is just rather an ad hoc collection of relevant papers, that are mentioned in the slides. Comprehensive lists of papers related to emf safety can be found at:

http://www.emf-portal.de/

http://www.fgf.de/english/publications/infoline.php

In particular see also JMRI, 12, 1, 2000, and JMRI, 26, 2007, and papers from Nottingham, particularly Paul Glover.

1. Schenck, Safety of strong, static magnetic fields. JMRI, 12, 2-19, 2000
2. Kangarlu and Robitaille, Biological effects and health implications in magnetic resonance imaging, Concepts Magn. Reson., 12:321-359, 2000.
   
3. Kangarlu et al, 8T Human MR system: temperature changes associated with RF-induced heating of a head phantom, JMRI 17, 220-226, 2003
4. Objects stuck to magnets
5. Radiation and magnetic field interactions: Nakahara, Radiology, 224, 817-822, 2002
6. Free radical reactions
   • Brocklehurst B, McLauchlan KA. Free radical mechanism for the effects of environmental electromagnetic fields on biological systems. International Journal of Radiation Biology 69:3-24(1996).
   • The effects of weak magnetic fields on radical recombination reactions in micelles. Eveson, R.W., Timmel, C.R., Brocklehurst, B., Hore, P.J., McLauchlan, K.A., Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 76(11): 1509-22 (2000).
   • Blank, M. & Goodman, R. (1997). Do electromagnetic fields interact directly with DNA? Bioelectromagnetics, 18, 111-115.
7. Other reactions Blank and Goodman, Bioelectromagnetics, 18, 111-115, 1997.
8. Magnetic therapy- bone healing and less proven uses.
9. Effects of fields on frog embryo cleavage
   • Valles et al, Biophysics J, 82, 1260-1264, 2002
10. Lobster navigation, Boles and Lohmann, Nature, 42, 60, 2003
    UNC
11. Magnetic levitation:
    • Catherall et al, Nature, 422, 579, 2003.
    • Ikzoe et al, Nature, 393, 749, 1998.
12. Induced electric fields
    • Liu, JMR, 99-107, 2003.
    • Theoretical analysis of magnetic field interactions with aortic blood flow, Kinouchi et al, Bioelectromagnetics, 17, 21-32, 1996.
    • Electrostatic charges in vxB fields: the Faraday disk and the rotating sphere. Eur. j. Phys. 11, 94-98, 1990.
    • Dielectric properties of biological tissues. Phys Med Biol, 41. 2231-2249, 1996
13. Magnetohydrodynamic effect
    • Theoretical analysis of magnetic field interactions with aortic blood flow, Kinouchi et al, Bioelectromagnetics, 17, 21-32, 1996.
    • No changes in blood pressure at 8T (Kangarlu et al, ISMRM, 2002 (Hawaii).